Bubble pie map of daily AQI over main Chinese cities during 1st quarter 2014

China bubble pie map of daily AQI showing pollution over main cities during Q1- 2014

In addition to our previous post, the above chart is showing that in average the days where air quality was good (AQI < 50) have been very limited over main chinese cities during the first quarter. 

This ranking covers the 190 largest cities in China, about 416 Mil people, accounting for about 63% of the urban population.

 Averaged over the urban population and during Q1-2014 period of 90 days, the daily AQI repartition had been the following: 

• 8 days /90 days or only 9% of total days had  AQI<50
• 37 days /90 days or 41% had 50<AQI <100
• 45 days or 50% had AQI>100

The area where the most polluted cities were located is shown in Figure 1 below. In this vast swath of land straddling the Northern and the Middle zones, urban citizens have seen virtually no days with AQI <50 during Q1 2014, apart Chongqing and Beijing.

Figure 1: China bubble pie of daily AQI zooming the Beijing- Wuhan- Chengdu- Xi'an semicircular area where are located the 30 most polluted cities

The  Southern coastal area presented in Figure 2 hereunder had shown over Q1-2014 relatively very few days where AQI was >100, but the good days with AQI<50 were generally very limited and the air was mostly moderately polluted (50<AQI<100).

Figure 2: China bubble pie of daily AQI zooming the Southern Chongqing-Shanghai-Guangzhou triangle of relative moderate pollution

The Southernmost cities of Haikou and Sanya located in Hainan "beautiful island" , were the only main cities with a majority of good air quality days: Haikou and Sanya had respectively 52 and 61 good days (AQI<50) on the 90 days period.

Air Quality Index ranking of China’s main cities during the 1st quarter of 2014

AQI bubble map is showing during Q1-2014 a concentration of very polluted or unhealthy urban pollution  in Hebei (Shijiazhuang, Baoding) , Shandong (Zibo), Hubei (Wuhan), Sichuan (Chengdu) and Shaanxi (Xi’an) cities

The ranking of the Chinese 190 main cities is issued each month by the China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection (see MEP link). It covers an overall population about 416 Mil people in main cities totaling around 63% of Chinese urban population.

Main results from AQI issued by MEP over Q1-2014

Based on the methodology described in my previous posts, the population weighted average AQI overall value over these 190 cities was AQI= 119 during Q1-2014 (90 days).

The  population-weighted average daily AQI repartition over these cities - during the period- was the following :

-    8 days /90 days or 9% where AQI < 50

-    37 days/90 days or 41% where 50< AQI <100

-    45 days/90 days or 50% where AQI >100

If we arrange these 90 population-weighted averages according to their decreasing daily  AQI values, the last day of the first and worst decile- assuming a lognormal distribution is valid - should be close to 150.

We know that EU is requesting a maximum value of 50 for the last day of the first decile. In average over a year an exposure to AQI >5O (or PM2.5>35µg/m3) during more than 36 days a year (10%) is considerated as dangerous, due to the cumulative effect  -even of a small pollution -on human health over a long period.

U.S. appellation to qualify the dangerousness same AQI levels in China and USA are used, these appearing to be more pertinent that the Chine's. 

AQI ranking is addressed in decreasing order unlike the publications from MEP. It is thus rather a "ranking" of Air Pollution urban areas.

We use the same color convention to represent the various AQI levels as in our previous posts. Nevertheless we should bear in mind that averaging tends to reduce daily or monthly average over time and cities. 

The best indicator of Air Pollution health hazards is undoubtedly the daily value in each city.  We know only AQI repartition inside three intervals: AQI <50; 50< AQI<100  and AQI >100 - although a splitting of the last interval in two would be helpful.

A bubble map of air pollution in China is given above. It gives a good feeling of the AQI situation during Q1-2014. It is nevertheless difficult to read as urban grid is very tight in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area and in coastal regions.

Figure 1 : 30 of the most Air polluted cities are located in a semicircular area around Beijing, Tianjin,  Zibo, Wuhan, Chengdu and Xi’an

Zooming on the most polluted area is showing that the 30 most polluted cities were located within an semicircular area (see Figure 1 above) , located between the Yangze and the Huang He rivers, which surface is around 1,200,000 km2  or altogether: France, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Italy .

Figure 2: China Air Quality Index bubble zooming the Southern Chongqing-Shanghai-Guangzhou triangle moderate pollution

Figure 2 above is showing "unhealthy for sensitive groups" urban pollution just South to the Yangze river, becoming only moderatly polluted down to the coastal region. 

AQI main cities ranking over Q1-2014

Both following Figures 3 & 4  give the AQI ranking of the first two "quintiles" presented by MEP  concerning the 76 most polluted cities : 

- 1^st quintile: urban population 74 Mil with 38 cities all their AQI but one being either "very polluted" or "unhealthy”, the largest cities being: Xi'an N°12 (Shaanxi), Chengdu N°24 (Sichuan) and Wuhan N°26 (Hubei) ;

- 2^nd quintile: urban population 81Mil with 38 cities which AQI are all “unhealthy for sensitive groups”, the largest being Beijing N°42 ,Tianjin N°44, Harbin N°52,  Nanjing N°64 (Jiangsu) and Chongqing .

Figure 3: First quintile of AQI ranking of 190 main cities over Q1-2014

Figure 3 : Second quintile of AQI ranking of 190 main cities over Q1-2014

Discussion of AQI values on Q1-2014

In general, the main pollutant was PM25 except for some few exceptions where it was PM10.

The result for Beijing, which exhibits 14 days with AQI < 50 when in average AQI = 147 seems quite unlikely, while similar cities for their AQI level - such as Tianjin- are all showing 0-5 days for this indicator.

Furthermore, comparing the sub-AQI corresponding to the value of the monthly concentration of PM2.5, to the monthly value of the AQI (see my last post) it is possible to highlight some possible errors. 

This test establishes that 99 values out from 570 (190 cities x 3 months) or 17% might be inaccurate with an AQI value underestimated in the following cases:

Ma'anshan- in Mar 2014-(underestimation: 24.1 /AQI=108.4); Zhangqiu-Feb- (19.3/149.2); Langfang- Feb- (14.6/195.3); Ma'anshan-Jan- (12.7/187.78); Beijing- Feb- (12.0/183.7); Handan- Feb- (10.8/210.2);Tangshan-Feb-(9.71/190.3); Xianyang-Jan- (9.58/194.4); Baoji- Jan-(9.21/173.7)…Xi'an-Jan- (8.48/185.8)…Zibo-Jan- (7.09/185.8); Shijiazhuang-Feb (7/266.0)…etc

As the concerned cities are mosly  classified on a monthly basis either "Unhealthy" or "Very Polluted", such AQI underestimation could rock the ranking list and expend the number of "Unhealthy " or"Very Polluted" cities on a quarterly basis, such as Beijing for instance.